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Essay Writing Service Mcessay

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General Essay Writing Tips

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Antigone Is From Ancient Times - Free Essay Example

Though the play Antigone, is from ancient times, it possess many modern elements. The struggles displayed in the play have survived time and are still relevant today. A popular conflict we see in both Antigone and modern day life is the issue of civil disobedience. In the play, we are first introduced to Antigone and the other dominating characters. The Chorus explains that Antigones brothers, Eteocles and Polynices, killed each other in battle. When their father died, they were supposed to share the throne, alternating annually. When Eteocles refused to step down for Polynices turn to rule, Polynices marched against him and Thebes in hopes for his rightful place. Because of his turn on the kingdom, Polynices was seen as a traitor and ordered by Creon, the next in line to rule, to be left unburried to rot in the open, while Eteocles was to be given a proper burrial. As any good sister would be, Antigone was torn to pieces about the order given by Creon. She set her mind on giving her brother a proper burial, no matter the consequences. Her sister, Ismene, tried her best to convince her to leave things as Creon said they should be. Afterall, Creons word was the law and it was their job, as citizens on Thebes to follow the law. Antigone, unknowingly setting the stage for many to see and follow, went against the law and followed what she saw as morally correct. Antigone was well aware of the law. She heard the order, understood the order, and even knew the consequences of going against the order. On the other hand, she knew what was morally right, and to her, moral laws were greater than the governing law. She wanted to make a statement, so she suck out to cover her brothers body. Antigoners act of going against the precept that Creon set in place to protest him and make a point is exactly like the protesters in North Carolina who removed the statue of Robert. E. Lee. In Durham county, North Carolina, there once stood a statue of Robert. E. Lee. A group of activists petitioned to have it removed because they did not agree with what it stood for. When their request wasnt met, they decided to take it down themselves. Lawfully, and technically speaking, removing that statute was unlawful and considered vandalism. Their morals and beliefs motivated them to exhibit civil disobedience, just like Antigone. Antigones actions were not the first, nor the last example of civil disobedience. Her determination to do what was right over following what was the law is an attitude that still reigns in society today. The play as a whole can be seen as a green light to stand up for what you believe in, even if it means breaking the law. Some people might see that as a negative influence, and for others, it could be exactly the opposite. Either way one takes it, Antigone never leaves out the reality that there will be consequences for civil disobedience.

Compare And Contrast Frederick Douglass And Malcolm X

In spite of the fact that Sherman Alexie, Plato,Frederick Douglass, and Malcolm x, the four experienced childhood in various eras, in various conditions, and at last in various universes. The trio confronted distinctive battles and had diverse victories, yet at last they werent generally all that extraordinary. In spite of the fact that they experienced childhood in various circumstances they both had similar perspectives on the significance of a training. The considered training to be opportunity and as a feeling of self-esteem and however they accomplished their instruction in various ways they both had a solid will and a solid feeling of self-inspiration. Regardless of the diverse methods for acquiring their education or the†¦show more content†¦Malcolm X can relate to this, when in prison he would read around night time at the foot of his bed by a light from the passageway and when reconnaissance came through, store away in his bed to stow away. Frederick would attempt and advance his learning as regularly as possible, conveying bread to the nearby white young men around the local area in return for information, which was a far more prominent exchange the eyes of Douglass. Not at all like Douglas with no educational basis at all, Malcolm then again had gotten a training that of an eighth grader however time passed and soon did he overlook his lessons. He could figure out how to read yet couldnt pass on his words onto paper. In jail, he had time, time to restore his training and strengthen it. He started to compose, beginning with the dictionary he started adapting word for word, page for page, area by segment beginning with the Ans and completing with the Zs. In his entry, Malcolm gives an announcement to set up a thought of what sort of training he persisted, Between what I wrote in my tablet, and composing letters, amid whatever is left of my time in jail I would figure I composed a million words. Not at allShow MoreRelatedHow are Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass Alike and Different810 Words   |  3 PagesCompare Contrast Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass both came from an African American background but the time difference of these two men when they were brought to the world changed. Malcolm X had a rough life. His dad was mysteriously murdered and his mom was mentally ill and with no parent figure he got in to the street life. He got in to selling illegal substances and burglary. He was struggling financially as well. In 1946 Malcolm X age twenty at the time was sentenced to prison for 10 yearsRead MoreReading And Writing Is Essential For Understanding And Comprehending Warning Signs And Instructions On A Medicine Bottle1753 Words   |  8 Pagesor higher education, one must be dedicated and have the drive to reach their goals. For Malcolm X and Frederick Douglass, gaining an education was very different for them as it was difficult and it was almost an impossible goal to achieve. Both of these men never stopped working towards their dream of one day learning how to read and write and this should b e an example to young adults of today. X and Douglass foreshadowed the difficulty of gaining an education. In this essay, I will described howRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestransformations in where humans lived, how they earned their livings, and their unprecedented ability to move about the globe. Moya and McKeown set the patterns of migration in the twentieth century against those extending back millennia, and they compare in imaginative ways the similarities and differences among diverse flows in different geographical areas and across ethnic communities and social strata. They consider not only the nature, volume, and direction of migrant movements motivated primarily

Summary Of The Scarlet Letter - 1941 Words

Varun Ramaswamy Ms. Kimbrough English III AP – 7th 4 November 2014 The Scarlet Letter Ch. 13 - 24 Dialectical Journals Quotations Response Chapter 13 â€Å"Such helpfulness†¦so much power to do and power to sympathize†¦ [interprets] the scarlet A by its original signification.† (Hawthorne 323) This quote is evidently significant since it shows the fact that as the chapter suggests the general people’s new viewpoint which they are starting to see of Hester; of her diligence which proves to be much more than ‘enough’ to be recognized. Now, the scarlet letter which she wears is still why people shun her, however, they are now doing this from a habit that has been cultivated throughout the years rather than for her sin. â€Å"It is remarkable that persons who speculate†¦ the external regulations of society.† (331) This shows that the people who are the most hushed and restrained outwardly, many of the time make up for this as they tend to judge others in their minds. This tendency which is there still today is also seen in this book, even though its quiet surprising since in the beginning of the book the Puritans were displayed to judge out loud instead. Chapter 14 â€Å"‘A mortal man, with once a human heart, has become a fiend for his special torment.’† (345) Although this is indeed said through Chillingworth, it could be implied as a quote either describing Chillingworth or Dimmesdale (as it is in the text). Directly from the book it could be implied that Dimmesdale’s persona shifted afterShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1633 Words   |  7 PagesMahanoor Khan AP English, Block 5 Mrs. Schuet 26 September 2014 1. Title and Author: The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorn 2. Summary: A women named Hester, one of the protagonists in the novel, has committed adultery, and has a child. The townspeople believe that her punishment should be to wear the letter A on her clothing so she and the town can remember her sin. Her daughter name is Pearl. Hester will not reveal with whom she had the affair with. The reverend named Dimmesdale is the fatherRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1337 Words   |  6 PagesHokstad ENG 3UC 17 May 2016 Nature of Good and Evil in The Scarlet Letter There is a nature of good and evil in every person. Whether a person tries to push away the evil and be as good as they can be or let the evil consume their well- being. The nature of good and evil can be seen on a day to day basis in the way people act towards others, the crimes they have committed or the lies they do or do not tell. In the book, The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, there is a recurring theme of theRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe Scarlet Letter Journal 1 I empathize most with Reverend Dimmesdale. He had to live with the secret of his sin for many years. He also was a reverend and had to preach about sins every Sunday and so was reminded constantly of what he did. In fact he felt so guilty about receiving no punishment while Hester was cursed with the letter that he â€Å"inflicted a hideous torture on himself† by carving the letter A into his own chest (Hawthorne 176). He has also had to endure much from Roger ChillingsworthRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 935 Words   |  4 PagesThe Scarlet Letter is about a woman, Hester Prynne, who has had an affair with a man who she would not name. During the affair Hester became pregnant, so the affair became known to the town. She had the child but would still not reveal who the father was she was then forced to wear a red A representing adulterer on her chest for the rest of her life. The movie Easy A is about Olive Pendergast is an average high school student who is not one of the super-popular girls, but not a loser eitherRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1329 Words   |  6 PagesMelanie Showers Mrs. Voshell Honors English 10 8 January 2016 Morality in The Scarlet Letter In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne describes many defining instances of different characters’ morality. Some of the characters’ opinions are very different, but the people of the town have a general morality that leads Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale to deal with their sins differently in public, than in private. First, Hester’s morality, is not very defined at the beginning. She seems as though sheRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1266 Words   |  6 Pages The Power of Guilt At some point in life, everyone makes an unintelligent decision. Oftentimes, these decisions leave people feeling guilty and with nobody to blame but themselves. In the Puritan society presented in The Scarlet Letter, sin is not taken lightly. Sinners are publicly presented on the town scaffold and have to endure embarrassing gossip. Dimmesdale, a church minister, commits adultery with Hester Prynne, and she has a child. Dimmesdale does not confess his sin for several yearsRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1136 Words   |  5 PagesNicholas Halford Greene American Lit 7th 18 Mar 2015 Final Draft The Puritan society, seen in The Scarlet Letter, traps many women in the confines of patriarchal gender role with its rituals and beliefs. These common beliefs caused many of the women in the community to feel oppressed and silenced. Amongst these silenced women, only a few chose to stand against these unfair and unjust beliefs. This minute group includes Hester Prynne, the adulteress whose scandalous life is at the center of theRead MoreA Summary of The Scarlet Letter771 Words   |  3 PagesChillingworth sent her to Boston to wait for his arrival, but she ended up by having a child with Authur Dimmesdale, who was a minister of the town. So she was sent to the prison as she had committed adultery. One day, she was emerged from the prison with the letter â€Å"A† on her breast, which is a sign of punishment for her adultery commitment. She and her three-month old daughter, Pearl were led to the scaffold of pillory. At there, she was asked to tell who Pearl’s father is , but she refused to tell. AlthoughRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter- 1641 Words   |  7 PagesStephanie Nicolino Mrs. Sarich English 11H 10 October 2014 The Scarlet Letter- Chapters 9-12 (Passage Analyzer) Chapters 9 and 10 investigate the relationship in the middle of Chillingworth and Dimmesdale. On one level, Chillingworth speaks to science and Dimmesdale speaks to deep sense of being. Like Chillingworth s disfigured shoulders, Dimmesdale s disease is an outward sign of an internal condition, and not medication or religion suffices to cure it. What hampers his recuperation is hisRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1485 Words   |  6 Pages The Scarlet Letter Reading Journal Chapters 2-3 Hester Prynne is first introduced by an angry crowd of people calling for her death. It seems as Hester has done something terribly wrong, something unforgivable. It gave me mixed thoughts, because I had no idea what she had done that made these people so furious, she could be innocent for all I, or any of the characters, know. Hester’s babe was compared/contrasted to the Scarlet Letter on herself, showing that her babe, not the Letter, was the

Calypso Music free essay sample

Come, Mister tally man, tally me banana, daylight come and me wan’ go home,† are the words to a famous calypso song recorded by Harry Belafonte in 1956. The Free Dictionary defines calypso music as ‘a type of music that originated in the West Indies, notably in Trinidad, and is characterized by improvised lyrics on topical or broadly humorous subjects’. It can also be said that calypso is a certain style of music which incorporates rhythms that are typical of African music. This type of music is seen played during Carnival by Calypsonians, singers, who have prepared for the event all season long. These songs usually poke fun at anything and anyone in the community, from politics to gossip and on special occasions some controversial topics come about in these types of songs. This paper discusses calypso music: the factors which played a role in its existence, rise and decline. It then will look at the lives and impact of two well-known and exceptional calypsonians. It further goes into the examination how calypso songs are written which will be done through analyzing the type of poetry, repetition, rhyming schemes and piling that are found within the calypso lyrics. Finally, it will review and touch on the impact of Calypso music here on the island of St. Martin. There is a famous saying which states that ‘the past is the key to the present’. Therefore, it can be said that there must have been some past key which contributed to the present key of the calypso music industry of today. It is worldly known that ‘Calypso Music’ is famous for its sometimes humorous lyrics and social commentary. Calypso Music started off in Trinidad. Like several other Caribbean islands, Trinidad was colonized by Europeans. According to Tutwiler, what makes Trinidad’s colonial past unique is that it was colonized by the Spanish and later by the English, and also had a large influx of French immigrants. As a result, it is stated that the earliest calypso songs were not sung in English but in French-Creole, sometimes called patois. The history of calypso has more to do with just French immigrants in Trinidad. African slaves were also a part of the calypso history. African slaves were brought to Trinidad to work on the sugar plantations. These slaves were not allowed to communicate with each other. As a result, they began to sing songs from drumming. These song lyrics sang by the slaves were used to make fun or mockery of slave owners and upper class. The rhythms of calypso centered on the steel drum, which the rival groups used to beat out cadences (Tutwiler, 2009). Each year during competitions in Carnival, calypso tunes were sung. These tunes were led by chantwells (singers that led masquerade bands). It is stated in Tutwiler’s article that these Chantwells led their masquerade bands in call and response singing in calypso tents. Calypso tents are still a part of today’s carnival in Trinidad as a place where new music is featured. As time went on, the famous chantwells were later known as calypsonians, which is still known as such today. The first Calypso recording was made in 1914. This specific year marks the landmark in the history of Calypso. During the mid and late 1930’s (known as the golden age of calypso), several people came forth in the industry (Farlex, 2011). This period of time is known as the ‘Golden Age’. Most of the top calypsonians from that age have been males. Males which included: The Growling Tiger, Lord Executor, Lord Pretender, Atilla the Hun, Roaring Lion, and Lord Invader, just to name a few. All of these exceptional people have made unforgettable impressions on the calypso music world. By the late 1930’s calypso music was on a rise. With the ‘Golden Age’ or rise of calypso music, there was also a period of time, when calypso music started to fall, and many other forms of music started to rise. The article (Calypso Music) states that by the 1970s  the golden age of calypso was on a decline. This decline caused many calypso players to begin to view the music as being exhaustive. Calypso music was not actually over, but it just needed some new flavor. A great calypso player by the name of Lord Shorty, came along and added Indian instrumentation and rhythms to the African based instrumentation and rhythms of calypso. This was a natural progression for all because Indians and Africans where the main inhabitants of Trinidad amp; Tobago, which was also the home of Calypso Music amp; Lord Shorty. Through this process, that is how the new form of calypso music was formed: Soca (Farlex, 2011). According to (Romer, 2011), the increase of Indian instrumentation and rhythms were not the only influence on calypso music. Many other forms of music such as Jamaican reggae, Ramp;B, and even rock influenced and are still influencing the world of calypso music today. Among many others, there are two internationally famous calypsonians who have impacted calypso music greatly. They are: Slinger Francisco, better known as ‘The Mighty Sparrow’ who won the calypso Monarch contest in 1956 at age twenty one and continued for decades to be the genre’s most unfailingly excellent perform, also known as ‘Calypso King of the World’, and Aldwyn Roberts, better known by the stage name ‘Lord Kitchener’ who has composed calypsos that cover every imaginable human experience, and social and political events. Slinger Francisco better known as ‘The Mighty Sparrow’ was born in a rural fishing village in Grenada, to a poor working class family. They migrated to Trinidad, when he was just one year old. He attended the New Town Boys School where he was selected to sing in the boys’ choir of St. Patricks Catholic Church. This was his first initial involvement in music. At the young age of 20, Sparrow came out as the leading Calypsonian with his record-breaking hit, Jean and Dinah. Throughout the years he managed to showcase his diversity each year with the release of at least one album dating from the catchy Jean and Dinah (wikipedia. rg, 2011). In 1958 he became the only calypsonian to have had a triple win, in the same year, in the Road March Competition. The calypsos were P. A. Y. E. (Pay As You Earn, a song that allowed the citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, to understand the real importance of paying taxes), Russian Satellite (a song reflecting on the act of cruelty to an imals) and Theresa (a number where, for the first time in his career, he involved other languages) (Calypso Music). In an extraordinary move, he was awarded a cash prize by the Carnival Development Committee, for winning the Road March Competition that year. In 1959 he released a song entitled: Federation, (a song that reflected his disappointment over the breaking up of the proposed Caribbean Federation). In 1960, his career continued to escalate with the melodious May May and Leave the damn Doctor, Royal Jail and Ten to one is Murder followed in 1961. In 1962 he presented us with Sparrow Come Back Home and Model Nation. In 1965, he proved himself a singer with his remake of Arthur Prysocks original, Only A Fool Breaks His Own Heart accompancied by Byron Lee and the Dragonaires. This rendition won him a Gold Record in Holland. He also recorded Frank Sinatras My Way and Lucho Gaticas El Reloj. It can be said that ‘The Mighty Sparrow’ continued to climb the ladder of success in his life, while becoming the most popular caypsonian of all time by the people. According to Manuel (2006), Sparrow demonstrated year after year, with his social commentaries that the calypsonian is really the eyes and ears of the people. Aldwyn Roberts, better known as ‘Lord Kitchener’, shares with Mighty sparrow the title of the world’s best known Calypso singer (Manuel, 2006). Aldwyn Roberts was the son of a blacksmith, Stephen, and homemaker Albertha. Kitcheners success began after he moved to England in 1948. His fame continued throughout the 1950s, when calypso achieved international success (wikipedia. org). He began his career in Trinidad and won his first Road March award for singing in 1946. He and the Mighty Sparrow proceeded to dominate the calypso competitions of the sixties and seventies. It has been stated that Lord Kitchener won the road march competition ten times between 1965 and 1976, more times than any other calypsonian. In the 1950s, he explored West Africa and enjoyed a big hit there with his single, Nora. Farlex mentioned that for 30 years, Lord Kitchener ran his own calypso tent, Calypso Revue, by which he nurtured the talent of many calypsonians, who are: Calypso Rose, David Rudder, Black Stalin and Denyse Plummer. These calypsonians are among the many artists who got their start under Kitcheners guidance (Farlex, 2011). Like many calypsonians, Lord Kitchener drifted toward soca and in 1978; he brought about a new hit: Sugar Bum Bum. This was additionally noted for his hit single, Give Me the Ting† (Farlex, 2011). Aldwyn Roberts passed away on February 12, 2000 at the age of 77. Just like many other types of music, calypso lyrics are written in special forms with unique/hidden messages behind them. The lyrics of calypso music are actually nothing more than oral literature. The poetic form follows that of the ballad: four-line refrains follow eight-line strophes (stanzas) (Encyclop? dia Britannica). Based on the information in the online encyclopedia, it is also said that the simple rhyme scheme in calypso music is amply compensated for by the highly imaginative, original use of language. Usually, the singer-poet/calypsonian, who adopts a catchy stage name (e. g. The Mighty Spoiler; Lord Melody; Attila the Hun), incorporates Spanish, Creole, and African phrases into a lowbrow idiom utilizing newly invented colloquial expressions, such as bobol (graft), pakoti (unfaithfulness), and graf (girl). In his report, Tutwiler stresses on the exaggeration of the local speech patterns found in calypso lyrics. It is explained that the exaggeration of local speech pattern s, distorting the normal accentuation of the text, is matched by offbeat rhythm in the music, a familiar calypso trademark. During performance time, the calypsonian singer either sets his verse to a stock melody or invents a tune of his own. Below are the lyrics to a famous calypso song which was retrieved from lyricsmode. com:â€Å"The Banana Boat Song†. This famous song was sung by Harold George Belafonte Jr. Day-o, Day-ay-ay-o Daylight come and me wan go home Day, me say day, me say day, me say day Me say day, me say day-ay-ay-o Daylight come and me wan go home Work all night on a drink a rum Daylight come and me wan go home Stack banana till the mornin come Daylight come and me wan go home Come, Mister tally man, tally me banana Daylight come and me wan go home Come, Mister tally man, tally me banana Daylight come and me wan go home Its six foot, seven foot, eight foot BUNCH! Daylight come and me wan go home Six foot, seven foot, eight foot BUNCH! Daylight come and me wan go home Day, me say day-ay-ay-o Daylight come and me wan go home Day, me say day, me say day, me say day Daylight come and me wan go home A beautiful bunch a ripe banana Daylight come and me wan go home Hide the deadly black tarantula Daylight come and me wan go home Its six foot, seven foot, eight foot BUNCH! Daylight come and me wan go home Six foot, seven foot, eight foot BUNCH! Daylight come and me wan go home Day, me say day-ay-ay-o Daylight come and me wan go home Day, me say day, me say day, me say day Daylight come and me wan go home Come, Mister tally man, tally me banana Daylight come and me wan go home Come, Mister tally man, tally me banana Daylight come and me wan go home Day-o, day-ay-ay-o Daylight come and me wan go home Day, me say day, me say day, me say day Me say day, me say day-ay-ay-o Daylight come and me wan go home Harold George Harry Belafonte, Jr. was born on March 1, 1927. He was an American singer, songwriter, actor and social activist (wikipedia. org). Harry was dubbed the King of Calypso for popularizing the Caribbean musical style with an international audience in the 1950s (Calypso Music). Belafonte is perhaps best known for singing The Banana Boat Song, with its signature lyric Day-O. Many people read/sing/listen to the banana boat song above, but some still don’t know the meaning of the song. That’s how it is sometimes with calypso lyrics. Sometimes the calypsonians bring across their message in such a way, that it take some people quite some time to actually examine it and get the true meaning out of what they are trying to say. The banana boat song above is actually a traditional Jamaican mento folk song. Although it is really Jamaican mento, the song is widely known as an example of calypso music (wikipedia. org). It is a song from the point of view of dock workers working the night shift loading bananas onto ships (25 Great Music Moments in Film History, 2010). Daylight has come, the shift is over and they want their work to be counted up so that they can go home. This song expresses the feelings of the people in the community who have been working hard, and is still awaiting pay. It goes back to prove something that was mentioned before: ‘lyrics for calypso music can be created from any topic’. As can be seen in the way the song is written, there are repetitive lines especially with the word ‘home’. This word is emphasized in every stanza, which makes you think that this is actually what the people actually wanted is ‘to go home’. The poetry style used in this song is the quatrain. Clithertoe defines the quatrain as the four line stanzas of any type, rhyme, or meter. The rhyming schemes of the stanzas in the quatrain poetries can be written in different forms. Two examples of the rhyming schemes which can be seen in the above lyrics to ‘The banana boat song’ are the ballad form and the Goethe form. A ballad has many variations of rhyme and line length (Clithertoe). The basic Ballad Stanza, as he goes on to define consists of four lines with an alternating couplet and lines that alternate from four iambic feet to three. Below an example of the ballad rhyming scheme, where all the a’s will rhyme, the b’s will rhyme and the c’s will rhyme: x x x x x x x a x x x x x b x x x x x x x c x x x x x b| Here is the stanza in the song where the ballad rhyming scheme is used: Day, me say day-ay-ay-o (a) Daylight come and me wan go home (b) Day, me say day, me say day, me say day (c) Daylight come and me wan go home (b) The other rhythm scheme is the Goethe form. This rhythm scheme is different to the ballad form, but there is not much of a difference. With this one each stanza comprises of a single line, a couplet and a single line (Clitheroe). Each single line, as he describes, rhymes with a line from the couplet, one starting and one completing the stanza. Here is an example of the Goethe rhythm style, there is no set meter: x x x x x x x a x x x x x x x b x x x x x x x a x x x x x x x b| Here is an example of the stanza in the lyrics of ‘the banana boat song’, where the Goethe rhythm form is used: Work all night on a drink a rum (a) Daylight come and me wan go home (b) Stack banana till the mornin come (a) Daylight come and me wan go home(b) Although it is known that calypso music has started in Trinidad, it has not only been a part of the Trinidad’s culture, but also a part of many other countries/ islands in and out of the Caribbean. St. Martin is one of those islands/countries where calypso music has been a part of the people, especially during carnival time, where there are competitions. Calypso music was not always popular on the island. As Maria Buncamper states, calypso on St Maarten started around 1969 when a few artists would compete more for bragging rights and the ladies attention then for monetary compensation. By the mid-70’s, the number of calypsonians on the island was increasing. Several calypsonians such as Caiso genius, King Jacko and King Fernando had already mastered the artform and delighted audiences during occasions, especially carnival time (Buncamper, 2009). By the 80’s, it is said that artists such as King Beau Beau, Kaiso Brat, the Mighty Dow and King Stunky aroused into the Calypso arena. In the early 90’s, there were other names such as Young Arrow, King Repeater,   Ricky the Fox, King Timo, who joined the ranks and by the turn of time, younger opponents such as Fish the Boss, Baker Jr. and Young Dow, all second generation artists entered the Senior competitions. De King Arrow was one of them who resided on St Maarten. He wrote winning compositions for many of the local calypsonians, but who reserved his competing for his native St Kitts. Ramon Proctor (a former participant in calypso music)(personal communication, December 2nd, 2011), explained that throughout the last 4 decades, calypso history was written on St Maarten with the usual competitors between the likes of King Beau Beau and King Fernando, King Beau Beau and the Might Dow and King Beau Beau and Fish the Boss (the son of King Fernando). However, by the turn of the century, there were few albums or cd’s capturing some of the most memorable and St Maarten’s Carnival Village and people of St Maarten have known. The following is a personal interview that was held with a well known calypsonians of St. Maarten-Andrew D. â€Å"Baker Jr† Richardson: 1. What is your name? My Given name is, Andrew Daniel Richardson, I go under the Artist pseudonym name of His Majesty Baker Jr. or just Baker Jr. for short which is the choice of the majority of the people and preference, yet the older folks will just call me Baker which is my dad’s artist name. 2. Could you give me a little history about your involvement in calypso? How did you get into calypso? How long have you been singing calypso music? My involvement in calypso is connected with a great deep enthusiasm which was the passionate profession of my father Antonio Alexandre Richardson who goes under the artist pseudonym of The Mighty Baker which everyone calls him Baker. He obtained this name during his school days where some friend called him Dutch Baker, from there on, he carry on the name Baker when he proceed and find his passion in the calypso and soca art form. Therefore from one generation to another the talent was passed on for it grows within my heart mind and soul as my dad would be playing the type of music daily as I’m around him. When I was a little boy listening to famous artist like King Short Shirt, Swallow, King Ostinate out of Antigua and the calypso King Of The World Mighty Sparrow along with other Trinidadian artist and there is where the mantle was pass on automatically and a new artist was form so Calypso and soca became my passion from this day on composing my very own songs. 3. What is the name of one of the calypsos you have written? Why did you write it? I have written for myself and for junior artists which have a major importance for the cause and effect of the songs. One of my calypsos I have written is entitle â€Å"Condomise†. I chose this song to proclaim to the world for it have a positive message in aids awareness to protect as many people I can from this mass disease that is spreading throughout the world and affecting millions of human beings. The structure of this type of calyspo would be a social commentary, which is different from the political documentary, where, we will sing a song for the masses and informing them of hidden secrets and occurrence within of government regime or sometime even disputing and rebelling. In calypso, which is the most powerful tool use today to get our message out in public, we use double meaning in our song which is called satire calypso, like back in the days on the plantation where the slave will sing songs passing message to each other via their double standed of satire lyrics, so only them could comprehend. In this modern day in age, we do the same but the leaders officials comprehend the song as well but its our security once we use satire lyrics so we aren’t accused with slander nor defaming any ones name and only a few of us are professional with it. Those who are not will easily get reprimanded. Another song of its quality was one a social commentary I wrote for a student of mine Roxanne Webster with the artist name of Lil Roxxy with â€Å"A Baby’s Cry† and â€Å" Young Carlix† with â€Å"We Must Stand Up For We Self† cross genres of political documentary and social commentary song of this nature is the mouth piece of the world and nation. 4. What do you think about Calypso music here in St. Maarten? I think calypso is doing justice to St. Maarten in where as controlling politicians bad deeds and greed within their vulture motions and ways, referring to those who careless of the masses that seek all for them self and none for thee. In addition, calypso is still climbing the chart for it is lack of promotion and cultural respect from our local and foreign radio disc jockeys. For we have official leaders who will go all out and pay the disc jockey not to play the song on the air wave and we have those who support their political party so they will stay away from that political documentary as much as possible unless they are told to play it via requests from the public. In this art form, calypsonian like myself have a deep passion to proceed with our profession in the art of calypso and soca and as natures cause I believe strongly that persistence always pay off and that is how I know calypso will never died, but grow until the end of time, here in St. Maarten and throughout the world. 5. Where do you see your future in calypso music? Well as far as my future in calypso music, my future is yet to expand especially in the soca arena whether it is groovy soca of fast tempo soca like roadmarch or party songs. I do know it take money to guaranteed fulfillment in my musical career with the talent I have unless I get a record deal with a major record label. I am consider as one of the unrecognized artist in the Caribbean and that actually started from home where the disc jockeys again don’t push us enough to get us out there. I have seen in those days where I visited place like Trinidad or even living in America where any Trinidadian would think I’m from Trinidad and Tobago because of my vocals and style, and most of them never heard of St. Maarten, as for my visit to Trinidad and the rest small Caribbean Islands, I’m well accepted and respected for my lyrical artillery and brilliant composition. I do believe one day I will meet my goal head on once I have the breath of life anything is possible and that goes for each and every man no matter what they are trying to achieve or what profession they wish to accomplish. I also still believe in a hit song I had call I ‘Love Meh Wife’ and one day I will make the professional video it deserve and it will bounce back along with a few other potential hits I have. You can surf the web and explore my online store for my CD’s I have created during my recording era. Visit www. cdbaby. /all/kingbakerjr this site will take you to all my CD’s, just two of them is yet to be published. In conclusion, Calypso Music is still one of the most significant traditions in the Caribbean Music Industry.

Summary of Facts of the Case Study free essay sample

For most of those years, the firm’s name was synonymous with trust, integrity, and ethics. In its earlier days, Anderson sets standards for the accounting profession and advanced new initiatives on the strength of its then undeniable integrity. The Chicago-based accounting firm closed its doors in 2002 that is after 90 years of business. 1. 2 The Advent of Consulting Leorned Spacek joined the company in 1947 following the death of founder Arthur Andersen. Anderson began providing consulting services to large clients such as General Electric and Schlitz Brewing in the 1950s. Over the next 30 years, Andersen consulting business become more profitable on per-partner basis than its core accounting and tax services business. The company linked its consulting business in a joint cooperative relationship with its audit arm, which compromises its auditor’s independence, a quality crucial to the execution of a credible audit. Andersen’s consulting business becomes recognized as one of the fasters growing and most profitable consulting networks in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Facts of the Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ten years later, Arthur Anderson merge it’s operational and business systems consulting units and set up a separate business consulting practice in order to offer clients a broader range of integrated services. Throughout the 1990s, Anderson reaped huge profits by selling consulting services to many clients whose financial statements is also audited. In 1998, then SEC chairman Arthur Levitt publicly voiced this concern and recommended new rules that would restrict the non-audit services that accounting firms could provide to their audit lients that is a suggestion that Andersen vehemently opposed. Nonetheless, in 1999 Andersen chose to split its accounting and consulting function into two separate and often competing units. In August 2000, following an arbitration hearing, a judge rule that Andersen’s consulting arm could effectively divorce the accounting firm and operate independently. By, that time Andersen’s consulting business consisted of about 11,000 consu ltants and brought in global revenue of nearly $2 billion. Arthur Anderson as a whole employed more than 85,000 people worldwide. The new consulting company promptly changes its name to Accenture the following January and the court later order to better represents its new global brand of accounting services. Meanwhile, in January 2001, Andersen named Joseph Berardino as the new CEO of the U. S. audit practice. 1. 3 Baptist Foundation of Arizona The Baptist Foundation of Arizona (BFA), which Anderson serves as auditor, lost $570 million of donor funds. BFA, an agency of the Arizona Southern Baptist Convention, is founded in 1048to raise and manage endowments for church work in Arizona. The foundation also offered estate and financial planning services to state’s more than 400 southern Baptist churches, and was one of the new foundations to offer investment to individuals. BFA invested heavily in real estate, a more speculative investment strategy than other Baptist foundations in the state traditionally used and the foundation officials allegedly concealed losses from investors beginning in 1986. In addition, more than half of the foundation’s employees were laid off. Finally, the foundation petitioned for chapter 11 bankruptcy protections in 1999, listing debt of about $640 million against assets of about $240 million. Andersen, in a February 2000 statement, responded that it sympathized with BFA investors but stood the accuracy of its audit opinion. However, during nearly two years of investigation, reports surfaced that Andersen has been warned of possible fraudulent activity, and the firm eventually agreed to pay $217 million to settle the shareholder lawsuit in May 2002. 1. 4 Sunbeam Andersen’s troubles over Sunbeam Corporation began when its audits failed to address serious accounting errors that eventually led to a class-action lawsuit by Sunbeam investor and the ouster of CEO Albert Dunlap in 1998. Boca-based Sunbeam is the maker of such home appliance brands as Mr. Coffee, Mixmaster, Oster, Powermate and others. The company was also accused of using improper â€Å"bill and hold† transactions, which involve booking sales month ahead of actual shipment or billing, temporary inflating revenue through account receivable, and artificially boosting quarterly net income. As a result, Sunbeam was forced to restate six quarters of financial statements. In August 2002, a federal judge approved a $141 million settlement in the case. In it, Andersen agreed to pay $110 million to resolve the claims without admitting fault or liability. Losses to Sunbeam shareholders amounted to about $4. 4 billion, with job losses of about $1,700. 1. 5 Waste Management Overstated earnings $1. 4 billion at waste management was found by Andersen itself in court over questionable accounting practice. This charged Waste Management was complained filed by the SEC with a huge crime financial fraud over a period of more than five years. This complaint include the company management help and abetted others violations of antifraud, reporting and record keeping provisions of federal securities laws, resulting in a loss to investors of more than $6 billion. In that case Andersen was name as having assisted in the fraud by repeatedly issuing unqualified audit opinions on waste management materially misleading financial statement. SEC documents state that there were amount of fees that capped from Waste Management that would pay Anderson’s auditing services. Andersen identified improper accounting practice and presented to Waste Management official report called â€Å"proposed adjusting journal entries† that is outlined entries that needed be corrected to avoid understanding Waste Management’s expanses and overstating its earning. In other side, waste management refused to make the corrections and entered a closed-door agreement with Anderson to write off the accumulated errors over a 10 years period also change its underlying accounting practices. This agreement was viewed by SEC as an attempt to cover up past frauds and to commit future frauds. Andersen was paid some $220 million to Waste Management shareholder and $7 million to the SEC for this case. Four Andersen partner were waiting for approval and an injunction was obtained against the firm. Andersen also was forced to promise not to ign off on spurious financial statements in the future. After this matter settled, Waste Management shareholder lost $20. 5 billion and bout 11,000 employees were laid-off. 1. 6 Enron Enron is one of the biggest clients of Andersen. Andersen’s new CEO, Joseph Berardino had perhaps viewed the $1 million a week in audit fees of Enron. Andersen also able to make 80 percent of companies in oil and gas industry as its cli ents. On November 8, 2001 Enron was forced to restate five years worth of financial statements that Andersen had signed off on that is accounting for $586 million in losses. Enron had filed for bankruptcy within a month. In January 2002, Andersen was investigation by Justice Department and found that Andersen clients were prompting and its employees jump to ship. Eventually the auditing firm admitted to destroying a number of documents concerning its auditing of Enron which led to an indictment for obstruction of justice. On June 15, 2002 Andersen was found as the first accounting firm ever to be convicted of a felony. 1. 7 Trouble with Telecoms WorldCom was the largest client of Andersen and it had improperly accounted for nearly $3. billion of expenses and had overstated earnings in 2001 and the first part of 2002. Investors was launched a barrage of lawsuits that sent the telecom into bankruptcy court. Andersen was blamed WorldCom for the scandal. However, WorldCom also pointed the finger at Andersen for failing to find the accounting irregularities. SEC filed fraud charges against WorldCom that bring fired of its CFO. There were more telecommunicatio ns firm scandal related to Andersen such as Global Crossing and Qwest Communications. This case is related to the issue of fake asset swaps, in which the accused telecom companies allegedly exchanged fiber-optic broadband capacity at inflated prices in order to show huge gains. Global Crossing was lawsuit but investor and alleging Andersen that artificially inflated audit opinions on their financial statements even though it knew or failed to discover that they contained material misstatement. Qwest was avoid to bankruptcy court and had been admitted of using improper accounting methods and was forced to restate profits. 1. 8 Corporate Culture and Ethical Ramifications From the details of the investigations into accounting irregularities and fraud it appears that Andersen more concerned about its own revenue growth than where the revenue came from. This is because of corporate cultures that have been numerous inexperienced business consultants and untrained auditors were sent to client sites that ignored the company policies. There have another factor include in this matter that is partner’s limited involvement in the process of issuing opinions. When the company grew, the number of partners also stagnated. There also have evidence that Andersen had limited oversight over its audit teams and visibility also balance could not identified when audit teams had strayed from accepted policies. Andersen was hired former Federal Reserve Board chairman Paul Volcker to institute reform and helps him restore its reputation. After Volcker came, Anderson was offence for obstruction of justice related to the connection with shredding of Enron documents. Andersen was trying to negotiate a deal with international partnerships and salvage what was left. However, the company was forced to begin sell of various business units and ultimately laid off more than 7,000 employees in US. On that time, Alaska Air Group that is an Anderson client restated that an increase in shareholder equity of $31 million. This restatement was made on the recommendation of its new auditor that is Deloitte and Touche which had replaced Andersen. Andersen was fined $500,000 among other penalties. Anderson also had agreed that to stop auditing public corporations. Nowhere, the world Andersen can be found is at Accenture’s website. In 2005, Supreme Court was thrown out his conviction of obstruction of justice. Anderson was found guilty by federal jury for â€Å"corruptly persuading† works to shred document related to alleged improprieties by Enron. However, the court did not rule on whether Andersen’s shredding was wrong rather the case revolved entirely around the adequacy of the jury instructions at the company’s trial. Some expert believes that the court ruling was strictly based on technical issues rather than the fact available during the trial. Many business executive believe that quick rush to down Arthur Andersen’s accounting and auditing business may have negative impact on competition and the cost of auditing for all public corporations. On the way, Anderson’s involvement in many accounting fraud cases should have caused regulatory agencies to overreact. 2. 0 Implications for Regulation and Accounting Ethics Many clients of Andersen going into bankruptcy court because of accounting scandals. This also helps spur a new focus on business ethics, driven largely by public demands for greater corporate transparency and accountability. Other than that, congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, new guideline had been established and direction for corporate and accounting responsibility. This act was enact to combat securities and accounting fraud and includes, among other things, provisions for a new accounting oversight board, stiffer penalties for violators, and higher standards of corporate governance. Sarbanes-Oxley emphasizes on the accounting profession about auditor independence and quality, restricts accounting firm’s ability to provide both audit and non-audit services for the same clients, and requires periodic reviews of audit firms. Sweeping legislative and regulatory reform may e occurring too quickly in response to intense public and politic pressure. This reforms may not have been given enough forethought and cost-benefit consideration for those public corporations that operate within the law, that comprise the vast majority of those public corporations that operate within the law, which comprise the vast majority of corporate America QUESTION 1: Describe the legal and ethical issues surrounding Andersen’s auditing of companies accused of accounting improprieties. In this case, Andersen was more concerned about the revenue earned but did not take note where the revenue came from or whether its independence as an auditor had been compromised because of the changes of the company vision and the corporate culture. As a result, Andersen has involved in the illegal issues and unethical issues. Legal Issues * Perpetuate the accounting fraud. The Baptist Foundation of Arizons (BFA) alleged concealed losses from investors beginning in 1986 by selling some properties at inflated prices to entities that had borrowed money from the foundation and were unlikely to pay for the properties unless the real estate market turned around. The investor lawsuit against Andersen accused the auditing firm of issuing false and misleading approvals of BFA’s financial statement, which allowed the foundation to perpetuate the fraud. At last, Andersen agreed to pay $217 million to settle the shareholder lawsuit in May 2002. Its audit failed to address serious accounting errors of Sunbeam Corp. The serious errors include fraudulent accounting strategies such as â€Å"cookie jar† revenues, recording revenue on contingent sales, and accelerating sales from later periods into the present quarter, using â€Å"improper bill and hold† transaction which involves booking sales months ahead of actual shipment or billing. In August 2 002, a federal judge approved a $141 million settlement in this case. In it, Andersen agreed to pay $110 million to resolve the claims without admitting fault or liability. * Questionable accounting practices. For this issue, Andersen was named in the case as having assisted in the fraud by repeatedly issuing unqualified audit opinions on Waste Management’s materially misleading financial statements. Andersen has did â€Å"special work† to earn additional fees, which outlined entries that needed to be corrected to avoid understating Waste Management’s expenses and overstating its earnings. At last, Andersen has paid some $220 million to Waste Management shareholders and $7 million to the SEC. It was also forced to promise not to sign off on spurious financial statements in the future. * Obstruction of justice. On November 8, 2001, Enron was forced to restate five years’ worth of financial statements that Andersen had signed off on, accounting for $586 million in losses. On June 15, 2002, the jury found Andersen guilty of obstruction of justice in case of Enron. It admitted to destroying Enron’s audited documents, which led to an indictment for  obstruction of justice. * Fail to find the accounting irregularities. WorldCom, Andersen’s largest client. Andersen has admitted to improperly account for nearly $3. 9 million of expenses and had overstated earnings in 2001 and the first part of 2002. Besides, Andersen failed to find the accounting irregularities of WorldCom. Ethical Issues * The first issue is Andersen did not audit properly the Baptist Foundation of Arizona (BFA) which causes the bankruptcy. BFA invested heavily in real estate, the profits from investments were supposed to be used as donation at churches but that real estate began down fall but at the same time the foundation’s top officers still continued to receive six-figure salaries. * The inaccurate information and unqualified audit opinions that provided by Andersen on Waste Management is one of the ethical issue too. It is because investors will make the investment decision based on the audit report. Any misleading information may overstate client’s revenue or hide the inaccuracy information. * The third issue is about the â€Å"unqualified† opinions on Sunbeam’s 1996 and 1997 financial statements despite of Sunbeam’s accounting and disclosure improprieties, where record â€Å"cookie jar† revenues, recording revenue on contingent sales, and accelerating sales from later periods into the present quarter. * The last issue is about compromise the independent of audits according to American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). In 1950s, Andersen provides both auditing and consulting services in a corporation in order to earn more profit. It has been compromised the independent of audits and it is not an acceptable standard of stakeholder. QUESTION 2: What evidence is there that Andersen’s corporate culture contributed to its downfall? * After having an overview of this case study, we found there are many evidence caused Andersen’s corporate culture contributed to its downfall. First, Andersen more focuses on growth of revenue in his company and compromise of its independence as an auditor. It caused his company become a confusion of its corporate culture. Actually, independent audit of a client is the expression of an opinion on the fairness with the financial statements and free of material misstatement occurred in company. * Second, many inexperienced business consultants and untrained auditor were send to customer company. It caused Andersen’s become confusion of its corporate culture because all of them are unclear condition about customer company policies. Moreover, lack of understanding about company policies will also caused them make an errors in financial statement. Third, when the company becomes bigger and bigger, number of partners’ also will increase. It will caused limited involvement of partners in the process of issuing opinions. Limited involvement in issuing opinions process will also seriously make confusion of its corporate culture among them. * Lastly, Andersen had limited oversight over its audit teams in his company. Moreover, lack of such visibility was damaged by a lack of checks and balances that could have identified when audit teams had strayed from accepted. It will incur many problems. For example, audits failed to address serious accounting errors such as recording revenue on contingent sales and accelerating sales by using incorrect business transaction. Besides that, it will also lead to many doubtful accounting practices such as unqualified audit opinions will misleading financial statement in company. How can the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act help minimize the likelihood of auditors failing to identify accounting irregularities? In 2002, Sarbanes-Oxley Act has provided several Acts to minimize the likelihood of auditors failing to identify accounting irregularities. The act have enacted to combat securities and accounting fraud and includes provision for a new accounting oversight board, stiffer penalties for violators and higher standards of corporate governance. * According to Section 104: Inspection of registered Public Accounting Firms, it verifies that financial statements are accurate. It could prevent the questionable or illegal accounting practices. According to Section 201: Services outside the scope of auditors; Prohibited activities helps enhancing the accounting profession and emphasis auditor and analysts’ independence and quality, restrict accounting firms’ ability to provide both audit and non-audit services for the same clients and requires periodic reviews of audit firms. Thus, reduce likelihood of compromising good audit for more revenue. * According to Section 203: Audit partner rotation, rotate partners assigned to client, so fresh eyes see work papers. The rotation requirement of the audit partner helps avoiding of the â€Å"partner in crime† relationship. According to Section 204: Auditor Reports to audit committees, auditors must report to committee, who work for the board, not the company. This is to powerless of auditors by giving board power to investigate and rectify. This Act also prevents companies from publishing misleading statements. * According to Section 303: Improper influence on c onduct of audits, it allows to removes power from company personnel. This is to withholding of information from auditors by making the act illegal. Generally, the Act helps to improve the improper illegal and ethical problem introduced by the auditors and its corporation. It does help to minimize the likelihood auditors failing to identify accounting regularities. * According to Section 404: Management assessment of internal control, it gives auditor a voice outside of the audit to attest to policies demonstrated by the company. This Act prevents the information slipping by stakeholders by giving more visibility to the firm. * According to Title VIII: Corporate and criminal fraud accountability act of 2002, it makes a felony to impede federal investigation and provides whistleblower protection. It prevents the destruction of documents and will allow investigators to review work of auditors. * According to Section 1102: Tampering with a record or otherwise impeding an official proceeding, public company companies must also report on a rapid and current basic material changes in the financial condition or operation person acting to corrupt or destroy evidence liable for extended prison term, this is to other from attempting to interfere in an official investigation.

Case Study Crazy Eduardos Retail Inc.

Case Study Crazy Eduardos Retail Inc. An accounting and auditing system enables businesses to use their data in a uniformed way. It eliminates the possibility of financial information being applied differently in decision making since it is interpreted differently across the organization.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: Crazy Eduardo’s Retail Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through an accounting system, the financial information from a company can be relayed in a manner that is void of ambiguity since the system does the interpretation and giving of results. Internal controls of an accounting system supplement the analysis, implementation and design divisions of an accounting system (Leitch, p. 71). It is the internal control that safeguards the entire accounting system from the risk of fraud, violation and external manipulation. It functions as a complete system that is found inside the larger accounting system but having d ifferent roles. Thanks to the internal control, the information provided by the accounting system becomes reliable and timely. It is timely since the control protects against external interference which can interfere with the speed of operations. The information is reliable since the control protects the system from fraud and abuse. The internal control thus ensures that financial information is accurate so that decision making can be effective. For a sales accounting system, the internal control ensures that there is environmental control. Environmental control refers to the resulting employee behaviour and attitude as a result of the objectives set by management. Environmental control ensures that the goals set by management do not go against ethical work practice.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is crucial for the sales accounting system to be able to as sess common business risks that are faced by the business at different stages of growth. Risk assessment becomes important if the sales function operates in a risky environment. In this case, employees are better placed to carry out risk assessment even though it is supposed to be a function performed by management. Risk assessment and environmental control are functions that threaten the success and profitability of a business. The sales function cannot therefore operate without these roles performed by the internal control. Information communication, monitoring, risk assessment and environmental control ought to take place in the internal control itself so as to eliminate the possibility of inefficiencies, errors and inadequacies. Crazy Eduardo can use the following simple chart which indicates the possible controls for a layout of risks. Control 1 Control 2 Likelihood of breach Magnitude of breach Risk 1 Risk 2 The internal control safeguards the sales accounti ng system from the threat of fraud which occurs when unauthorized parties can access financial information. Financial information is sensitive to a company and unauthorized parties should not be able to access it. Even in the sales function, secrecy of information is important so that marketing strategies cannot leak to competitors.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: Crazy Eduardo’s Retail Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The internal control enables the sales manager to keep financial information confidential and available only to authorized personnel. Strengths of an internal control Since computerization is widely used in businesses globally, this method of handling sales information is relevant and up to date. Internal control is a computerized approach in the handling of financial information. It therefore brings the advantages of having computerized accounting records in the company. This method of handling information separates the business from people who are considered as external parties. For instance, family members of the owners previously had easy access to company records when financial information was stored manually. Computerization prevents unauthorized access into company records which enables the sales affairs to be void of interference from family members. This approach also prevents malpractice of employees who handle cash. The internal control keeps track of the operations of the sales accounting system. Hence, it becomes difficult for the personnel handling cash to misappropriate funds since everything is computerized. Control is important in the sales function as sales involve the following activities by the sales team: credit, sales, accounting (accounts receivable and payable), billing, mailing, depositing, shipping (inventory) and bank reconciling.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the sales function, there has to be a transaction between the seller and the buyer, authorization of the seller to make the sale and the buyer to make the purchase, accounting recordation, asset custody which is provided through cash or checks, and lastly reconciliation or verification of the account by an auditing team (Gelinas, Dull and Wheeler, p. 239). The internal audit is not audited when the financial information is audited. A report on the internal control can however be issued following the limitations identified from the auditing findings about the financial system. An evaluation of internal control, including internal control over financial reporting Internal control is therefore a crucial role in financial reporting. Financial reporting enables the collection, storage and presentation of financial information in an organized manner. This cannot be complete without internal control which is responsible for creating checks and balances. The internal control is that whic h ensures that the information retrieved from the financial reporting operations are reliable and accurate. Financial reporting is not complete without internal controls, which justifies decisions made from the basis of financial information. Leitch, Michael. Intelligent internal control and risk management: designing high-  performance risk control systems. Aldershot: Gower, Burlington, VT. 2008 Gelinas, Ulric J., Dull, Richard B and Wheeler, Patrick R. Accounting information  systems. Mason, OH: South-Western/ Cengage Learning, 2012